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Barbara Brukalska (4 December 1899 in Brzeźce, Masovian Voivodeship - 6 March 1980 in Warsaw) was a Polish architect, an architectural theorist, a prominent exponent of Functionalism, a member of the Praesens group, and a professor at Warsaw Polytechnic. She was also the wife of architect Stanisław Brukalski. ==Life== Brukalska's early work was with her husband, Stanisław Brukalski. Like other members of the avant-garde Praesens group (founded in 1926), influenced by Le Corbusier's idea of the "machine for living," they advocated for inexpensive, residential housing that emphasized pure, simple functionality.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=5.2. 3 Famous or Forgotten: Women Architects in Communist Poland,” )〕 Brukalska's ideas for the interiors of affordable homes for workers included combining in one room the functions of kitchen and dining room, limiting furnishings to the simplest and most indispensable, and a system of built-in closets, tabletops, sinks and stoves designed to be practical and hygienic. For the kitchen-dining area, she also insisted on white-painted walls, white linoleum, and white surface coverings to bring it as close as possible to the conditions of a laboratory.〔Anna Sieradzka, “New Patterns of the Polish Middle Class Home Interiors in the Inter-War Period,” Acta Poloniae Historica 86 (2002): 73–86.〕 She declared that “we present the kitchens already furnished, since no one would be capable of fitting their tables and sideboards - often so irrationally designed -- into this small space” 〔B. Brukalska, Kuchnia współczesna (The Contemporary Kitchen),“Dom, Osiedle, Mieszkanie",1, 1929, No.1, pp. 8-11〕 From 1927-1938, the Brukalskis also worked together designing the interiors of passenger ships.〔Kłosiewicz, Lech. "Brukalska, Barbara, and Brukalski, Stanisław." Vol. 1. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Placzek, Adolf K., ed. New York : London: Free Press ; Collier Macmillan, 1982. pp. 301-302.〕 Because of prevailing economic conditions, project financing for workers' residences was problematic, and workers themselves were not eager to live in such extremely functionalist homes. Despite these setbacks, the Brukalskis persisted in their idealistic vision through the mid-1930s. They continued to design simplified furniture — for a “Smallest Apartment” exhibition (1930), an “Interior” competition organized by the Institute for Propaganda Art Propaganda (1932), and an exhibition held in houses of the Warsaw Society of Workers Estates (1935).〔Anna Sieradzka, “New Patterns of the Polish Middle Class Home Interiors in the Inter-War Period,” Acta Poloniae Historica 86 (2002): 73–86.〕 Stanisław Brukalski was interned in a German P.O.W. camp from 1939-1944. After World War II Brukalska and her husband worked more independently, mostly in Warsaw, although both turned away from the strictures of Functionalist style and toward more organic forms inspired by historical precedent.〔Kłosiewicz, Lech. "Brukalska, Barbara, and Brukalski, Stanisław." Vol. 1. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Placzek, Adolf K., ed. New York : London: Free Press ; Collier Macmillan, 1982. pp. 301-302.〕 Brukalska designed, among other things, a housing development in Okęcie and the Matysiak Retirement Home. They were also both appointed to the faculty of Warsaw Polytechnic.〔Kłosiewicz, Lech. "Brukalska, Barbara, and Brukalski, Stanisław." Vol. 1. Macmillan Encyclopedia of Architects. Placzek, Adolf K., ed. New York : London: Free Press ; Collier Macmillan, 1982. pp. 301-302.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Barbara Brukalska」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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